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National Bird Day: Why Birds Matter to Us

National Bird Day is celebrated every year on 5 January . This day is observed to spread awareness about birds, their importance in nature, and the need to protect them. Birds are beautiful living beings and play a very important role in keeping our environment healthy. Origin of National Bird Day National Bird Day was first celebrated in the year 2002 . It was started by bird lovers and environmental groups to protect birds from dangers like deforestation, pollution, and illegal hunting. The main aim of this day is to teach people, especially students, why birds are important and how we can help save them. Why Is National Bird Day Celebrated Every Year? National Bird Day is celebrated every year because many bird species are disappearing due to human activities. Cutting trees, using plastic, pollution, and climate change are harming birds and their homes. This day reminds us that: Birds need protection Nature should be respected Everyone has a responsibil...
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Maxwell’s equations in vacuum | EMFT and Relativity

Maxwell’s Equations

Maxwell's equations for vacuum

  • These equations form the foundation of electromagnetic theory.
  • These equations in electromagnetism have the same importance as the Newton’s law of motion in mechanics.
  • Maxwell’s equations generate the wave equations that predict the existence of electromagnetic waves propagate with the speed of light.

Gauss’s law of electrostatics (Maxwell's first equation)

  • According to Gauss's law of electrostatics the total electric flux through a closed surface is 1/ε0 times the total charge enclosed by the surface.
  • If ρ is volume charge density, then the charge enclosed by the surface is
                
  • Gauss' law

  • From divergence theorem

  • This is differential form of Gauss's law of electrostatics and is also known as Maxwell's first equation.

Gauss’s law of magnetostatics (Maxwell's second equation)

  • According to it Gauss's law of magnetostatics the total magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero.
  • If B is magnetic induction, then

  • This equation is Maxwell's second equation.
  • Maxwell's second equation indicates that the magnetic induction B is a solenoidal field.
  • The flux leaving the element is same as entering in the field or the source of magnetic induction do not exist.
  • No isolated magnetic pole or magnetic monopoles exist.

Faraday law of electromagnetic induction (Maxwell's third equation)

  • According to Faraday law of E.M.I. 
  • When the magnetic flux linked with the circuit changes an induced e.m.f. is produced.
  • The induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.

  • From Stokes's theorem

  • This is differential form of Faraday law of electromagnetic induction and is also known as Maxwell's third equation.

Modified form of Ampere’s law (Maxwell's fourth equation)

  • According to Ampere's law the line integral of magnetic induction around any closed path is μ0 times the total current passing through the surface bounding the closed path.

  • From Stokes's theorem


  • This is modified form of Ampere's law and is also known as Maxwell's fourth equation.
To know more about Maxwell's equation click on the link https://youtu.be/3LdqhqBEUdI for bilingual lecture (Hindi/English) https://youtu.be/4X_DlQhr4hk
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