Biasing of pn junction A  p-n junction can be connected to an external battery by two ways.  The method of connecting the p-n junction to an external battery is known as biasing.  There are two types of biasing, forward basing and reverses biasing.  Forward Bias If p terminal of a p-n junction is connected to positive terminal of an external battery, and n terminal of it is connected to negative terminal of battery then such type of biasing is known as forward bias. It is clear from the figure given below. In forward bias the current flowing in the circuit is due to majority charge carriers and therefore the  resistance is very small and hence the current flowing in the circuit is of the order of milli ampere. In forward biasing as we increase the potential across the junction, the value of current in the circuit increases very small initially, but after a certain value of potential the depletion region breaks due to high potential across the junction and the v...

A device which is used to convert alternating current (or voltage) into direct current (or voltage) is known as rectifier, and the process of converting a.c. into d.c. is known as rectification. The voltage obtained from a rectifier depends on the input a.c. voltage. It means with the variation in the input a.c. voltage the output of a rectifier also varies, and it does not remain constant, hence we get an unregulated output. The method used to make the output d.c. voltage constant or stable is voltage stabilization or voltage regulation, and the device which is used to make the output d.c. voltage constant is voltage stabilizer or voltage regulator. The main application of zener diode is that it provide a constant d.c. output, so it is used in voltage regulator circuit. So in this session we have discussed about the zener diode and voltage regulation. This session is divided into two parts firstly we discuss about the voltage regulation, where we discuss about the line regulation, ...

The output obtained from a rectifier is unidirectional, but it is not steady. The output of a rectifier is found to be in the form of pulse. It consists of a pure d.c. voltage with superimposed a.c. components, known as ripples. To remove the ripples or a.c. components available in the output obtained from the rectifier circuit, we introduce an electrical circuit between the rectifier and a load. This electrical circuit is known as filter. The filters minimize the ripples available in the output either by passing or blocking the a.c. components and provide an almost a constant output voltage. In this lecture we have discussed about the basic idea about filter, types of filters, and the complete description about the shunt capacitor filter. Since the lecture shunt capacitor filter is explained here in both Hindi and English language, so it is better to understand the student of Hindi and English mediums. This is bilingual lecture and is related to electronics.

A device which is used to convert alternating current (or voltage) into direct current (or voltage) is known as rectifier, and the process of converting a.c. into d.c. is known as rectification. There are two type of rectifier half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier. A rectifier which converts only half cycle of input a.c. into d.c. is known as half wave rectifier and a rectifier which converts complete cycle of input a.c. into d.c. is known as full wave rectifier. In normal full wave rectifier we use a center taped transformer, which is bulky and costly, so we use a new type of full wave rectifier, known as bridge rectifier. Here in this session we have discussed about the basic of rectifier, definition of half and full wave rectifier, the drawbacks of full wave rectifier. Since our main focus is here on the Bridge Rectifier, so here we also discussed about the construction and working of bridge rectifier, the average value of current, rms value of current, efficiency of bridge...

A device which is used to convert alternating current (or voltage) into direct current (or voltage) is known as rectifier, and the process of converting a.c. into d.c. is known as rectification. There are two type of rectifier half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier. A rectifier which converts only half cycle of input a.c. into d.c. is known as half wave rectifier and a rectifier which converts complete cycle of input a.c. into d.c. is known as full wave rectifier. Here in this session we have discussed only about full wave rectifier, and a brief idea of half wave rectifier is also given here. In this lecture we have determined the average value of current, rms value of current, efficiency of full wave rectifier, ripple factor and also about the frequency component. Here we have explained everything in Hindi and in English language, so it is bilingual lecture. This topic is related to electronics and solid state physics.