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हार्मोनल परिवर्तन के कारण कम उम्र में लड़कियों में हो रहा शारीरिक परिवर्तन

हार्मोनल परिवर्तन के कारण कम उम्र में लड़कियों में हो रहा शारीरिक परिवर्तन प्रदुषण और जंक फूड घटा रहा मुश्किल भरे दिन की उम्र लड़कियों में समय से पहले हार्मोनल चेंज के मामले बढ़ रहे हैं। शारीरिक बदलाव के लिए औसत उम्र 13 से 14 साल मानी जाती है, अब 8 से 11-12 साल में वजन बढ़ने जैसी समस्या आ रही है। कम उम्र में मुश्किल भरे दिनों का सामना करना पड़ रहा है। विशेषज्ञों की मानें तो समस्या प्रदुषण और जंक फूड के अत्यधिक सेवन से बढ़ रही है। शरीर में हार्मोनल परिवर्तन, किसी प्रकार की सिस्ट और ट्यूमर जैसे कारण सामने आ रहे हैं। इनके लिए मुख्य कारण निम्न हैं- लड़कियों में हार्मोनल परिवर्तन से पीरियड जल्दी आते हैं। आनुवंशिक समस्या इसके लिए जिम्मेदार हो सकती है। तनाव से भी हार्मोनल परिवर्तन होते हैं। आयरन तथा विटामिन-डी जैसे पोषण तत्वों की कमी भी हार्मोनल परिवर्तन के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। प्रदुषण के सम्पर्क में रहने पर भी ये समस्या होती है। शरीर में कही भी सिस्ट या ट्यूमर होने पर भी ये सम्भव है। अगर 8 साल से 12 साल की उम्र के बीच किसी बालिका के शरीर में तेजी से परिवर्तन हो तो मुश...
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B.N.U. First Semester Physics Syllabus

B.N. UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR B.Sc. I Semester Physics

PHYS MJ 111T: MECHANICS

UNIT-I

  • Laws of motion and Frame of reference: Laws of motion, conservation of momentum and energy, Co-ordinate frames, inertial and non-inertial frame of reference, Galilean transformation and invariance, fictitious force, centrifugal force, transformation of coordinate, velocity, acceleration and displacement in a rotating frame of reference, uniformly rotating frame of reference, Coriolis force, effect of centrifugal and Coriolis force due to earth’s rotation, Foucault’s pendulum.

UNIT-II

  • Gravitational Field and Potential:Newton’s universal law of gravitation, gravitational field intensity, gravitational potential due to spherical shell and solid sphere, gravitational potential energy, Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Gauss’s law, gravitational self-energy of a uniform sphere.
  • Dynamics of System of Particles: Centre of mass, calculation of centre of mass of regular rigid bodies like circular disc, hemispherical body, right circular cone, triangular plate, motion of centre of mass, centre of mass frame, conservation of linear momentum, kinetic energy of a system of particles, elastic, inelastic and perfectly inelastic collisions, rocket propulsion, two body problem, reduced mass, application of reduced mass, binary stars.

UNIT-III

  • Motion under a Central force field: Central force, equation of motion under central force field, orbital motion of particle under central force field, constants of the elliptical orbit, circular orbit and their stability, Kepler’s laws.
  • Molecular rotations and Gyroscopic motion: Molecular rotations, moment of inertia of diatomic and tri-atomic molecules, intrinsic spin, precession of a symmetric top, gyroscope and its applications.

UNIT-IV

  • Elasticity: Stress and strain, their types, Hooke’s law, stress-strain curve, elastic behavior of solid, types of elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, work done in stretching a wire, theorems of stress and strain, relation between various elastic constant, limiting value of Poisson’s ratio and its experimental determination.
  • Bending of Beam: Torsion of cylinder, bending of beam, cantilever, beam supported at its ends and loaded in the middle, applications of bending of beams.

UNIT-V

  • Kinematics of moving fluid: Streamline and turbulent flow, Reynold’s number, equation of continuity, energy of a liquid, Euler’s equation of motion for fluidity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
  • Viscosity: Introduction, coefficient of viscosity, Poiseuille’s equation-limitations and correction, Poiseuille’s method for determination of coefficient of viscosity, Stokes’ law, measurement of viscosity by rotating cylinder method, variation of viscosity with temperature and pressure.

Recommended Book

  • Mechanics by Vimal Saraswat, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
  • Mechanics (Hindi Edition)- Kalra, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
    To know about the lectures of mechanics please visit on Mechanics


    PHYSMJ111P: MECHANICS PRACTICAL

    1.     Measurements of diameter using travelling microscope.

    2.     To determine the Height of a Building using a Sextant.

    3.     To determine the Modulus of Rigidity of a Wire by Maxwell’s needle.

    4.     To determine the Elastic Constants of a Wire by Searle’s method.

    5.     To determine g by Bar Pendulum.

    6.     To determine g by Kater’s Pendulum.

    7.     To determine g and velocity for a freely falling body using Digital Timing Technique

    8.     To study the Motion of a Spring and calculate (a) Spring Constant (b) Value of g.

    9.     To determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of a wire by statistical method using Bortan’s apparatus.

    10.  To determine the Poisson’s ratio of rubber.

    11.  To determine the Moment of Inertia of a Flywheel.

    12.  Study of laws of parallel and perpendicular axes for estimation of moment of inertia.

    13.  To determine the viscosity of fluid by rotation viscometer.

     Any other experiment can be set as per the availability in the laboratory as per theory course.

     Text and Reference Books:

    1.    Advanced Practical Physics for students, Flint and Worsnop, Asia Publishing House.

    2.    Advanced level Physics Practical by Nelson and Ogborn, Heinemann Educational Publishers.

    3.    Engineering Practical Physics by Panigrahi and Mallick, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.

    4.    A Text Book of Practical Physics by Prakash and Ramakrishna, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi.

    5.    Practical Physics-I by Saraswat, Himanshu Publications.

    6.  Practical Physics-I (Hindi) by Bhandari and Saraswat, Himanshu Publications.


    PHYS MN 112T: PHYSICS FOR ALL

    UNIT-I

    • Units and Dimension: Units of measurement, systems of units, fundamental and derived units, length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures. dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

    UNIT-II

    • Kinematics: Scalar and vector quantities, laws of vector addition, product of vectors, Frame of reference, motion in a straight line, position-time graph, speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).

    UNIT-III

    • Laws of motion: Concept of force, inertia, momentum, Newton’s laws of motion, impulse, law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Basic problem related to these topics.

    • Friction: Basic idea about friction, types of friction. 
    • Centripetal force, vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road.

    UNIT-IV

    • Work, Energy and Power: Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
    • Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

    UNIT-V

    • Rigid body dynamics: Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
    • Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

    Recommended Book

    • NCERT Physics for XI (Part 1 and 2).
      To know about the lectures of Physics for all visit 


      PHYSMN112P: PHYSICS FOR ALL PRACTICAL

      1.     To measure the diameter of a small body using Vernier calliper.

      2.     To measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker using Vernier callipers and find its volume.

      3.     To measure diameter of a given wire using screw gauge.

      4.     To measure thickness of a given sheet using screw gauge.

      5.     To measure volume of an irregular lamina using screw gauge.

      6.     To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.

      7.     To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.

      8.     To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the coefficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.

       

      Any other experiment can be set as per the availability in the laboratory as per theory course.

       

      Text and Reference Books:

      1.     Practical physics for class XI by Jaiswal and Singh, Laxmi Publications.

      2.     Laboratory manual physics for class XI NCERT.

      3.     Physics lab manual for class XI by Apeksha Publications.


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