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खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन

खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता  विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता मानव समाज के निरन्तर अस्तित्व, समृद्धि और स्वास्थ्य के लिए मूलभूत शर्त है। हमारी न्यू जनरेशन को स्पीड और टेक्नोलॉजी पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना होगा ताकि भविष्य को सुनहरा बनाया जा सके। उक्त विचार मुख्य अतिथि श्री एमपी सिंह, प्रधान मुख्य अभियंता, केंद्रीय विद्युत प्राधिकरण विद्युत मंत्रालय भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली ने व्यक्त किए श्री सिंह भूपाल नोबल्स स्नातकोत्तर महाविद्यालय में भूविज्ञान विभाग द्वारा "खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता" विषय पर आयोजित दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कॉन्फ्रेंस के समापन पर बोल रहे थे। दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कान्फ्रेंस का भव्य समापन सम्मानित अतिथि प्रो विनोद अग्रवाल सदस्य, भारत सरकार नई दिल्ली स्थित MOEFCC की विशेषज्ञ मूल्यांकन समिति, (सि एण्ड टीपी) अपने उद्बोधन में कहा कि पर्यावरण स्थिरता सरकार और समाज दोनों की जिम्मेदारी है। वर्तमान में खनन उद्योग विभिन्न प्रावधानों एवं कानूनों के तहत कार्य कर रहा है ताकि पर्यावरण को सुरक्षित रखा जा सके। आयोजन सचिव डॉ. हेमंत सेन न...
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de Broglie hypothesis | Quantum mechanics | Physical basis of quantum mechanics

de Broglie hypothesis

  • According to de-Broglie, a wave is always associated with every moving particle. This wave is known as de-Broglie wave or matter wave.
  • It means a matter wave have particle nature as well as wave nature i.e., dual nature.
  • From quantum theory of radiation, energy of photon, E = h𝝂,   where 𝝂 = frequency of incident photon .
  • From Einstein’s theory of relativity E = √(m02c4 + p2c2)
  • If m0 = 0, then E = pc,  p = momentum and c = velocity of light
  • Now E = h𝝂 and E = pc
  • ∴     h𝝂 = pc     or     p = h𝝂/c
  • ∵      c = 𝝂λ      or     λ = c/𝝂
  • ∴      p = h/λ     or     λ = h/p     This is known as de-Broglie wavelength
  • This wavelength is always associated with a photon
  • Since momentum is the characteristic of particles, and the wavelength is characteristic of wave.
  • Hence a wave is always associated with a particle.

Conclusion

  • The wavelength of a particle is independent of the charge or the nature of the particle.
  • The E.M. waves are produced only due to the charged particle. Hence the matter waves are not E.M. in nature.
  • ∵     λ = h/p    and   p = mv      ⇒     λ ∝ 1/v    and   λ ∝ 1/m,      v = velocity of particle 
  • Faster is the particle, smaller is its wavelength.
  • Heavier is the particle, smaller is its wavelength.
  • If v is comparable to c, then m = m0/√(1 − v²/c²) 
                

de Broglie wavelength of different particles

  • If an electron is accelerated by applying a potential difference V, then 
  • Energy acquired with it is E = eV
  • If m0 is rest mass of electron, and v is the velocity of electron, then 
  • Kinetic energy of electron, E = ½ m0v²    or   v = √(2E/m0)
  • If relativistic variation of mass with velocity is ignored m ≈ m0 
  • ∴     v = √(2E/m)
  • But  E = eV
  • ∴     v = √(2eV/m)
  • ∵     de-Broglie wavelength λ = h/mv and v = √(2eV/m)
  • ∴     λ = h/√2meV      or      λ = 12.27/√V  Å
  • For any charged particle    λ = h/√2mqV
  • For any massive particle    λ = h/√2mE            where E is kinetic energy
  • If a matter particle at absolute temperature T is in thermal equilibrium, then 
  • E = 3/2 kT      where   k = Boltzmann's constant and T is absolute temperature
  • ∵     λ = h/√2mE     ∴   λ = h/√3mkT

  Bohr’s hypothesis from de Broglie’s hypothesis

  • According to Bohr’s postulate, an electron can revolve around the nucleus only in those orbits whose angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π.
  • ∴     mvr = nh/2π
  • Since a wave is associated with a moving particle, so 2πr = nλ
  • Here 2πr is the circumference of the stable orbit
  • From de-Broglie hypothesis,  λ = h/mv
  • Now 2πr = nλ  and  λ = h/mv
  • ∴     2πr = nh/mv ⇒ mvr = nh/2π
  • Which is the Bohr's hypothesis

To know more about this lecture please visit on https://youtu.be/PFcQEKaX1fc
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