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American Activity in Venezuela: A Simple Guide for Students

American activity in Venezuela is an important topic in international relations. It includes political involvement, economic decisions, oil interests, and humanitarian support. This blog explains the topic in simple terms for students. History of U.S.–Venezuela Relations For many years, the United States and Venezuela shared friendly relations. Venezuela was a major supplier of oil to the U.S., and many American companies invested in Venezuela’s oil industry. These strong economic ties helped both countries grow. Impact of Hugo Chávez on U.S.–Venezuela Relations In 1999, Hugo Chávez became the President of Venezuela. His socialist ideas and strong opposition to U.S. influence changed the relationship. He reduced the role of American companies and strengthened ties with countries that opposed U.S. policies. This marked the beginning of political tension. U.S. Political Involvement in Venezuela The United States claims that its actions in Venezuela are aimed at supporting democracy...
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Virial equation of state and Boyle temperature


    Ideal gas

  • An ideal gas is a gas which satisfy Boyles’ and Charles’ law for all the values of pressure, volume and temperature completely.
  • Equation of state of an ideal gas for 1 gm molecule or 1 mole is PV = RT.
  • In deriving this equation it was assumed that
  • The size of gaseous molecules are infinitely small, so they do not occupy any space.
  • There is no attractive or repulsive force between the gaseous molecules, so they have only kinetic energy, not potential energy.

  • Deviation from perfect gas equation

  • No gas is ideal or perfect, because no gas follow the ideal gas equation PV = RT at all conditions.
  • The gases which liquified easily show more deviation from the ideal gas equation.
  • For every gas there is a temperature at which the value of PV remain almost constant with increase in P and the value of PV increases at very high pressure. This particular temperature is known as Boyle temperature (TB).
  • Below TB, PV first decreases with increase in P, reaches to a minimum value and then increases with increase in P.
  • Above TB, the value of PV increases with increase in P from beginning.

    • Virial equation of state

  • PV = A + BP + CP2 + DP3 + ...

    • NOTE

  • The present lecture is a bilingual lecture, in which every step is explained in Hindi and in English language. Virial equation of state and Boyle temperature is very important in Thermodynamics. In the present lecture the Virial equation and Boyle temperature is explained in a well systematic way.

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