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खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन

खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता  विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता मानव समाज के निरन्तर अस्तित्व, समृद्धि और स्वास्थ्य के लिए मूलभूत शर्त है। हमारी न्यू जनरेशन को स्पीड और टेक्नोलॉजी पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना होगा ताकि भविष्य को सुनहरा बनाया जा सके। उक्त विचार मुख्य अतिथि श्री एमपी सिंह, प्रधान मुख्य अभियंता, केंद्रीय विद्युत प्राधिकरण विद्युत मंत्रालय भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली ने व्यक्त किए श्री सिंह भूपाल नोबल्स स्नातकोत्तर महाविद्यालय में भूविज्ञान विभाग द्वारा "खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता" विषय पर आयोजित दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कॉन्फ्रेंस के समापन पर बोल रहे थे। दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कान्फ्रेंस का भव्य समापन सम्मानित अतिथि प्रो विनोद अग्रवाल सदस्य, भारत सरकार नई दिल्ली स्थित MOEFCC की विशेषज्ञ मूल्यांकन समिति, (सि एण्ड टीपी) अपने उद्बोधन में कहा कि पर्यावरण स्थिरता सरकार और समाज दोनों की जिम्मेदारी है। वर्तमान में खनन उद्योग विभिन्न प्रावधानों एवं कानूनों के तहत कार्य कर रहा है ताकि पर्यावरण को सुरक्षित रखा जा सके। आयोजन सचिव डॉ. हेमंत सेन न...
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Thick lens and its cardinal points | Optics | General theory of image formation

Thick lens and its cardinal points

Thick lens

  • The combination of two spherical surfaces, is known as thick lens, if the distance between their poles can not be neglected in comparison to their radii.
  • It can be treated as the combination of thin lenses.
  • The thickness of these lenses are comparable to their focal lengths.

Cardinal points of thick lens

  • Let µ = refractive index of material of lens
  • t = thickness of lens
  • R1 and R2 = Radii of curvature of first and second curved surface of the given thick lens.
  • F1 and F2 = First and second focal points respectively.
  • H1 and H2 = First and second principal points respectively.
  • f1 and f2 = First and second focal length of thick lens respectively.

Cardinal points of thick lens

Equivalent focal length

  • If there is same medium on either side of thick lens
  • H1F1 = f1 = - f , and H2F2 = f2 = f

Refraction from surface PP1


Refraction from surface QP2

  • This time I works as an object and forms final image is obtained at F2



  • For thin lens t → 0, and f → f0

Power of thick lens


Position of second focal point (P2F2 = β2)

  • The distance of second focal point will be measured from pole of second refracting surface.

Position of second principal point (P2H2 = α2)

 
  • The distance of second principal point will be measured from pole of second refracting surface

  • Above result is obtained using sign convention.

Position of first focal point (P2F1 = β1)

 
  • For obtaining it we consider that the ray is incident on lens system from right i.e., O՛Q, this time image will be formed on F1. So in β2, R1 is replaced by -R2 and f is replaced by -f.


Position of first principal point (P1H1 = α1)

 
  • For it we use R1 → –R2 and  f → – f in second principal point α2 

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