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खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन

खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता  विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता मानव समाज के निरन्तर अस्तित्व, समृद्धि और स्वास्थ्य के लिए मूलभूत शर्त है। हमारी न्यू जनरेशन को स्पीड और टेक्नोलॉजी पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना होगा ताकि भविष्य को सुनहरा बनाया जा सके। उक्त विचार मुख्य अतिथि श्री एमपी सिंह, प्रधान मुख्य अभियंता, केंद्रीय विद्युत प्राधिकरण विद्युत मंत्रालय भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली ने व्यक्त किए श्री सिंह भूपाल नोबल्स स्नातकोत्तर महाविद्यालय में भूविज्ञान विभाग द्वारा "खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता" विषय पर आयोजित दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कॉन्फ्रेंस के समापन पर बोल रहे थे। दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कान्फ्रेंस का भव्य समापन सम्मानित अतिथि प्रो विनोद अग्रवाल सदस्य, भारत सरकार नई दिल्ली स्थित MOEFCC की विशेषज्ञ मूल्यांकन समिति, (सि एण्ड टीपी) अपने उद्बोधन में कहा कि पर्यावरण स्थिरता सरकार और समाज दोनों की जिम्मेदारी है। वर्तमान में खनन उद्योग विभिन्न प्रावधानों एवं कानूनों के तहत कार्य कर रहा है ताकि पर्यावरण को सुरक्षित रखा जा सके। आयोजन सचिव डॉ. हेमंत सेन न...
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Compton Effect | Quantum mechanics | Physical basis of quantum mechanics

Compton Effect (Quantum nature of light)

  • Compton effect was discovered by A.H. Compton.
  • When a beam of monochromatic X-rays of wavelength λ is scattered by a light element (carbon), then the scattered X-rays have maximum intensities at two wavelengths, one of them at the same wavelength λ and the other at slightly longer wavelength λ՛. This effect is known as Compton effect.
  • The difference in wavelength (λ - λ՛) is known as Compton shift.

Theory 


  • The energy of incident photon, E1 = hν
  • Momentum of incident photon, p1 = hν/c
  • This photon strikes with an electron at rest.

Before collision

  • Momentum of electron, p2 = 0
  • Energy of electron (rest mass energy), E2 = m0c2

After collision

  • The photon scattered from its original path by giving some of its kinetic energy to the electron and the electron recoils.
  • Energy of scattered photon, E1՛ = hν՛
  • Momentum of scattered photon, p1՛ = hν՛/c
  • The scattered photon move in a direction making an angle θ with the X-axis.
  • The energy of electron, E2՛ = mc2
  • Momentum of electron, p2՛ = mv
  • This electron moves in a direction making an angle ϕ with the X-axis.

From the law of conservation of energy

            E1 + E2 = E1՛ + E2՛

            hν + m0c2 = hν՛ + mc2

            mc2 = h (ν - ν՛) + m0c2

From the law of conservation of momentum 

  • Momentum along X-axis

  • Momentum along Y-axis
  • From relativistic formula
  • This is the change in wavelength of X-rays and is known as Compton shift in the wavelength of X-rays.
  • Here λc is Compton wavelength and its value is given by
  • λc = h / m0c = 0.0242Å

Conclusion

  • Compton shift is independent of the wavelength of the incident radiation and nature of the scattering substance.
  • It depends only on the scattering angle θ.

Special cases


  • It is the maximum value of Compton shift.

Experimental setup


Experimental setup of Compton effect

Relative intensities versus wavelength curve of Compton effect at different angles
  • The excellent agreement between the Compton shift obtained from Compton theory and the experimental results confirms that the elastic collision between a photon and an electron is just like an elastic collision between two particles.
  • The Compton effect proves the quantum theory (particle nature) of radiation.
  • To know more about Compton effect, please click on the link https://youtu.be/hwQaqo6Gwz4 and for bilingual lecture (Hindi/English) https://youtu.be/KNiPYOq274U
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