National Bird Day is celebrated every year on 5 January . This day is observed to spread awareness about birds, their importance in nature, and the need to protect them. Birds are beautiful living beings and play a very important role in keeping our environment healthy. Origin of National Bird Day National Bird Day was first celebrated in the year 2002 . It was started by bird lovers and environmental groups to protect birds from dangers like deforestation, pollution, and illegal hunting. The main aim of this day is to teach people, especially students, why birds are important and how we can help save them. Why Is National Bird Day Celebrated Every Year? National Bird Day is celebrated every year because many bird species are disappearing due to human activities. Cutting trees, using plastic, pollution, and climate change are harming birds and their homes. This day reminds us that: Birds need protection Nature should be respected Everyone has a responsibil...
Compton Effect (Quantum nature of light)
- Compton effect was discovered by A.H. Compton.
- When a beam of monochromatic X-rays of wavelength λ is scattered by a light element (carbon), then the scattered X-rays have maximum intensities at two wavelengths, one of them at the same wavelength λ and the other at slightly longer wavelength λ՛. This effect is known as Compton effect.
- The difference in wavelength (λ - λ՛) is known as Compton shift.
Theory

- The energy of incident photon, E1 = hν
- Momentum of incident photon, p1 = hν/c
- This photon strikes with an electron at rest.
Before collision
- Momentum of electron, p2 = 0
- Energy of electron (rest mass energy), E2 = m0c2
After collision
- The photon scattered from its original path by giving some of its kinetic energy to the electron and the electron recoils.
- Energy of scattered photon, E1՛ = hν՛
- Momentum of scattered photon, p1՛ = hν՛/c
- The scattered photon move in a direction making an angle θ with the X-axis.
- The energy of electron, E2՛ = mc2
- Momentum of electron, p2՛ = mv
- This electron moves in a direction making an angle ϕ with the X-axis.
From the law of conservation of energy
E1 + E2 = E1՛ + E2՛ hν + m0c2 = hν՛ + mc2
- This is the change in wavelength of X-rays and is known as Compton shift in the wavelength of X-rays.
- Here λc is Compton wavelength and its value is given by
- λc = h / m0c = 0.0242Å
Conclusion
- Compton shift is independent of the wavelength of the incident radiation and nature of the scattering substance.
- It depends only on the scattering angle θ.
Special cases

- It is the maximum value of Compton shift.
Experimental setup

Experimental setup of Compton effect

Relative intensities versus wavelength curve of Compton effect at different angles
- The excellent agreement between the Compton shift obtained from Compton theory and the experimental results confirms that the elastic collision between a photon and an electron is just like an elastic collision between two particles.
- The Compton effect proves the quantum theory (particle nature) of radiation.
- To know more about Compton effect, please click on the link https://youtu.be/hwQaqo6Gwz4 and for bilingual lecture (Hindi/English) https://youtu.be/KNiPYOq274U






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