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खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन

खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता  विषय पर विशेषज्ञों का मंथन पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता मानव समाज के निरन्तर अस्तित्व, समृद्धि और स्वास्थ्य के लिए मूलभूत शर्त है। हमारी न्यू जनरेशन को स्पीड और टेक्नोलॉजी पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना होगा ताकि भविष्य को सुनहरा बनाया जा सके। उक्त विचार मुख्य अतिथि श्री एमपी सिंह, प्रधान मुख्य अभियंता, केंद्रीय विद्युत प्राधिकरण विद्युत मंत्रालय भारत सरकार, नई दिल्ली ने व्यक्त किए श्री सिंह भूपाल नोबल्स स्नातकोत्तर महाविद्यालय में भूविज्ञान विभाग द्वारा "खनन और खनिज उद्योगों में पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता" विषय पर आयोजित दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कॉन्फ्रेंस के समापन पर बोल रहे थे। दो दिवसीय राष्ट्रीय कान्फ्रेंस का भव्य समापन सम्मानित अतिथि प्रो विनोद अग्रवाल सदस्य, भारत सरकार नई दिल्ली स्थित MOEFCC की विशेषज्ञ मूल्यांकन समिति, (सि एण्ड टीपी) अपने उद्बोधन में कहा कि पर्यावरण स्थिरता सरकार और समाज दोनों की जिम्मेदारी है। वर्तमान में खनन उद्योग विभिन्न प्रावधानों एवं कानूनों के तहत कार्य कर रहा है ताकि पर्यावरण को सुरक्षित रखा जा सके। आयोजन सचिव डॉ. हेमंत सेन न...
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Cardinal points of a lens system | Optics | General theory of image formation

Cardinal points of a lens system

  • There are total six cardinal points of a lens system, which are first and second focal points, first and second principal points, and first and second nodal points.

First and second focal points (First and second focal planes)

  • A pair of points lying on the principal axis and conjugate to points at infinity are known as focal points.

First and Second focal points
  • A point on the principal axis in the object space so that the rays starting (or appear to start) from it become parallel to the principal axis after refraction from the lens system is known as first focal point (F1).
  • A point on the principal axis in the image space so that the rays parallel to the principal axis in the image space focus (or appear to focus) at this point after refraction from the lens system is known as second focal point (F2).

First and Second focal planes
  • The plane passing through the first focal point, and perpendicular to the optic axis is first focal plane.
  • The plane passing through the second focal point, and perpendicular to the optic axis is second focal plane.

First and second principal points (Principal points and Principal planes)

  • Two conjugate points characterized by unit positive transverse magnification are principal planes or unit planes, and the intersection of these points on the principal axis give two points known as principal points.

First and Second principal points
  • If we extend AB in forward direction and C2F2 in backward direction, then they intersect at M2. On drawing a perpendicular from M2 on optic axis, we get an intersection point on optic axis, this intersection point H2 is second principal point.
  • Similarly H1 is first principal point.
  • M1H1 is first principal plane, and M2H2 is second principal plane.

Note

  • The distance of first focal point is measured from first principal point, and the distance of second focal point is measured from second principal point.
  • If there is same medium on either side of lens system, then both the focal lengths will be equal, H1F1 = H2F2.
  • If an object is placed on first principal plane, then its image will be equal to the size of the object, and straight and will lie on the second principal plane.
  • The image of M1 will be M2.
  • M1H1 = M2H2.
  • The lateral magnification of these planes will be unit and positive.

First and second nodal points (Nodal points and Nodal planes)

  • Two conjugate points on the principal axis of the optical system characterized by unit angular magnification are nodal points.
  • The planes perpendicular to the principal axis and passing through the nodal points are known as nodal planes.
  • The distance of nodal points are measured from focal points.

First and Second nodal points
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