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Bhupal Nobles' University, Udaipur Convocation | भूपाल नोबल्स विश्वविद्यालय, उदयपुर दीक्षांत समारोह

भूपाल नोबल्स विश्वविद्यालय दीक्षांत समारोह महाराणा प्रताप स्टेशन रोड, सेवाश्रम सर्कल, उदयपुर। भूपाल नोबल्स विश्वविद्यालय उदयपुर द्वारा वर्ष 2018 से 2024 तक की स्नातक एवं स्नातकोत्तर परीक्षा में उत्तीर्ण एवं विद्यावाचस्पति (Ph.D.) उपाधिधारियों के लिए दीक्षान्त समारोह 27 मार्च 2025 गुरूवार को प्रातः 10:30 बजे आयोजित करने का निश्चित हुआ है। दीक्षान्त समारोह में 2020 से 2025 तक की विद्यावाचस्पति की उपाधियों तथा स्नातक एवं स्नातकोत्तर परीक्षाओं में वर्ष 2024 तक प्रथम स्थान प्राप्त करने वाले छात्रों को उपाधि एवं स्वर्ण पदक प्रदान किए जायेंगे। अतः जो उपाधिधारी उक्त समारोह में उपाधि प्राप्त करने के इच्छुक हों, वे समारोह में उपस्थित होने की लिखित सूचना के साथ स्नातक एवं स्नातकोत्तर प्रथम वरीयता प्राप्त छात्रों हेतु, पंजीकरण शुल्क ₹500 व उपाधि शुल्क ₹5000 (कुल ₹5500) एवं विद्यावाचस्पति (Ph.D.), शोधार्थी पंजीकरण शुल्क ₹500 व उपाधि शुल्क ₹5000 (कुल ₹5500) नकद अथवा डिमाण्ड ड्राफ्ट भूपाल नोबल्स विश्वविद्यालय, उदयपुर के नाम बनाकर कुलसचिव, भूपाल नोबल्स विश्वविद्यालय, उदयपुर को दिनांक 17.03.2025 तक ...
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Cardinal points of a lens system | Optics | General theory of image formation

Cardinal points of a lens system

  • There are total six cardinal points of a lens system, which are first and second focal points, first and second principal points, and first and second nodal points.

First and second focal points (First and second focal planes)

  • A pair of points lying on the principal axis and conjugate to points at infinity are known as focal points.

First and Second focal points
  • A point on the principal axis in the object space so that the rays starting (or appear to start) from it become parallel to the principal axis after refraction from the lens system is known as first focal point (F1).
  • A point on the principal axis in the image space so that the rays parallel to the principal axis in the image space focus (or appear to focus) at this point after refraction from the lens system is known as second focal point (F2).

First and Second focal planes
  • The plane passing through the first focal point, and perpendicular to the optic axis is first focal plane.
  • The plane passing through the second focal point, and perpendicular to the optic axis is second focal plane.

First and second principal points (Principal points and Principal planes)

  • Two conjugate points characterized by unit positive transverse magnification are principal planes or unit planes, and the intersection of these points on the principal axis give two points known as principal points.

First and Second principal points
  • If we extend AB in forward direction and C2F2 in backward direction, then they intersect at M2. On drawing a perpendicular from M2 on optic axis, we get an intersection point on optic axis, this intersection point H2 is second principal point.
  • Similarly H1 is first principal point.
  • M1H1 is first principal plane, and M2H2 is second principal plane.

Note

  • The distance of first focal point is measured from first principal point, and the distance of second focal point is measured from second principal point.
  • If there is same medium on either side of lens system, then both the focal lengths will be equal, H1F1 = H2F2.
  • If an object is placed on first principal plane, then its image will be equal to the size of the object, and straight and will lie on the second principal plane.
  • The image of M1 will be M2.
  • M1H1 = M2H2.
  • The lateral magnification of these planes will be unit and positive.

First and second nodal points (Nodal points and Nodal planes)

  • Two conjugate points on the principal axis of the optical system characterized by unit angular magnification are nodal points.
  • The planes perpendicular to the principal axis and passing through the nodal points are known as nodal planes.
  • The distance of nodal points are measured from focal points.

First and Second nodal points
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