चार महीने का बच्चा कैसे बना अरब़पति? जन्म के सिर्फ चार माह बाद यदि कोई बच्चा अरबपति बन जाए तो इसे उसकी किस्मत ही कहेंगे। भारत के एकाग्रह रोहन मूर्ति नाम के बच्चे की किस्मत कुछ इसी प्रकार चमकी है। देश की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी आइटी कम्पनी इंफोसिस के फाउंडर नारायण मूर्ति ने सोमवार अपने चार महीने के पोते एकाग्रह मूर्ति को 240 करोड़ रूपए के शेयरों की हिस्सेदारी का तोहफा देकर उसे शायद देश का सबसे कम उम्र का अरबपति बना दिया है। BSE की फाइलिंग के अनुसार इंफोसिस में अब एकाग्रह रोहन की 15 लाख शेयरों की हिस्सेदारी हो गई है। इसका मतलब अब एकाग्रह रोहन इंफोसिस का 0.04% का हिस्सेदार है। शेयरों के स्थानान्तरण के बाद नारायण मूर्ति के पास कम्पनी के कुल शेयरों का 0.36% हिस्सा बचा है। जिस समय नारायण मूर्ति द्वारा अपने पोते को शेयर देने की खबर बाई उस समय इंफोसिस के शेयरों में गिरावट देखने को मिल रही थी। एकाग्रह रोहन, नारायण मूर्ति तथा सुधा मूर्ति के बेट रोहन मूर्ति और उनकी पत्नि अर्पणा कृष्णन का बेटा है। आपको यह पता होगा कि नोरायण मूर्ति ने अपनी पत्नि सुधा मूर्ति से 10 हजार रूपए उधार लेकर 1981 में इंफोसिस क
B.N. UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR B.Sc. III Year Physics
PAPER-I Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy
UNIT-I
- Background of Quantum Mechanics: Limitations of classical theory, black body spectrum, photo-electric effect, laws of photo electric emission, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, Compton’s effect, de-Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves, Davisson-Germer experiment.
- Wave and Particle theory: Wave-particle duality, Heisenberg uncertainty principle and its physical significance, gamma ray microscope thought experiment, diffraction of a beam of electron through a single slit, photon interpretation of two slit experiment, particle in a box, Bohr’s orbit, estimating minimum energy of a confined particle using uncertainty principle, energy-time uncertainty principle, non-existence of electron in nucleus, photon emission from an excited atom.
- Wave function, Schrodinger equation and Quantum Mechanical operators: Wave function, operator algebra, position, momentum and energy operators, time dependent and time independent Schrodinger equation, physical interpretation of wave function, normalization and orthogonality of wave function, equation of continuity and its interpretation, postulates of quantum mechanics, eigen value equation, Hermitian operator and its properties, expectation value of operators, Ehrenfest theorem, commutation relation.
UNIT-II
- Applications of Schrodinger equation: Energy eigen values and eigen functions for a particle in an infinite potential well, in a three dimensional rigid box, degeneracy of energy level, particle in a shallow potential well, tunneling in one dimension-across a rectangular potential barrier, alpha decay.
- Applications of operator method: Simple harmonic oscillator (classical and quantum view), eigen function and eigen value, probability function and probability density, parity, zero point energy, creation and annihilation operator.
UNIT-III
- Angular momentum in Central force: Central force, spherically symmetric potential, separation of variable method, solution of Schrodinger wave equation by separation of variable method, orbital angular momentum for quantum system, Ladder operator and their commutation relation, eigen value and eigen function of L2 and Lz. Angular momentum and magnetic moment of electron due to orbital motion, Bohr mageton.
- Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom: In spherical polar coordinate system, solution of equation into angular and radial part by separation of variable method, significance of various quantum numbers, probability function, and energy eigen values.
UNIT-IV
- Mono-valent and divalent atoms: Four quantum numbers and their physical significance, coupling schemes, spectral terms arising from coupling, s, p, d, f, notation, selection rules, half life of excited states, width of a spectral line, doublet fine structure of hydrogen lines, fine structure of Hα line, different series in alkali spectra.
- Effect of magnetic field on energy levels: Gyromagnetic ratio for orbital motion and spin motion of an electron, vector model of the atom, Lande’s g-factor, Stern and Gerlach experiment, normal and anomalous Zeeman effect.
UNIT-V
- X-ray spectra: Properties, feature and origin of continuous X-ray spectrum, Duane and Hunt law, characteristic X-rays, Kossel’s explanation, Moseley’s law, X-ray absorption spectra, absorption edges, fine structure of X-ray levels, Auger effect.
- Molecular Spectroscopy: Formation of molecular orbitals, H2+ ions, H2 molecule, electronic levels, characteristic of molecular spectra. Pure rotation spectra, rotational energy levels, selection rule, isotope effect. Vibration spectra: energy levels, vibrational spectrum, selection rule, anharmonic oscillator, fine structure of vibration-rotation bands, P, Q, R branches, isotopic effect, Raman effect, electronic spectra, sequences and progressions, statement of Frank-Candon principle.
Recommended Book
- Quantum Mechanics, Atomic and Molecular Physics by Saraswat and Tiwari, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
- Quantum Mechanics, Atomic and Molecular Physics (Hindi) by Kalra, Kakani and Saraswat, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
PAPER-II Solid State and Nuclear Physics
UNIT-I
- Crystal geometry: Solid state of matter, amorphous and crystalline materials, lattice translation vectors, crystal lattice, unit cell, different types of symmetry operations like rotation, inversion and reflection, classification of crystals, coordination number, radius ratio, lattice constant, packing fraction, crystal planes and Miller indices, typical crystal structures.
- Crystallography: Diffraction of X-rays by crystals, Bragg's X-ray spectrometer, Laue's method, rotating crystal method, Debye-Scherrer methods, reciprocal lattice its properties and importance, Laue’s formulation of X-ray diffraction, Brillouin zones.
UNIT-II
- Crystal binding: Covalent binding and its origin, ionic binding, energy of binding, transition between covalent and ionic binding, Born - Haber cycle, metallic binding, Vander Waal’s binding, hydrogen bond.
- Conduction in metals: Classical and Einstein’s theory of specific heat, Debye theory of specific heat, Electrical conductivity, Thermal conductivity of metals and Wiedmann-Franz law, Drude-Lorentz theory, electrical and thermal conductivity, Sommerfeld’s free electron model, Fermi-Dirac distribution, plasma frequency, D.C. and A.C. conductivity.
UNIT-III
- Conduction in semiconductors: Band theory of solids, origin of the energy gap, Bloch function and Bloch theorem, Kronig - Penny model, distinction between metals, insulators and semiconductors, types of semiconductor and mechanism of current flow in them, effective mass, carrier concentrations in thermal equilibrium in intrinsic semiconductor, law of mass action, Fermi level in intrinsic semiconductor, drift current density, mobility, electrical conductivity of semiconductor, variation of conductivity with temperature in semiconductor, elementary idea about Hall effect, Magneto-resistance.
- Charge transport in semiconductors: Charge densities in extrinsic semiconductor, Fermi level in n- and p-type extrinsic semiconductor, ionization energy of impurity atoms, carrier concentration of doped semiconductor, conductivity control of semiconductors by impurities, diffusion current and total current in semiconductors, Einstein relation.
UNIT-IV
- Nuclear structure and properties: Elements of nucleus, proton-electron, neutron-positron and antiproton-neutron hypothesis, basic properties: charge, mass, size, spin, magnetic moment, nuclear quadrupole moment, mass defect and packing fraction, nuclear binding energy, binding energy per nucleon and its observed variation with mass number of the nucleus, Coulomb energy, volume energy, surface energy, other corrections, explanation of the binding energy curve, liquid drop model of the nucleus.
- Radioactivity: Discovery of radioactivity of nucleus, properties of α, β and γ-rays, laws of radioactive disintegration, decay constant, half and mean life, radioactive series, α and β-particle spectra, Geiger-Nuttal law, theories of α and β-decay, nuclear radiations, physical, chemical and biological effect of radiations, radiation therapy, nuclear energy levels, controlled and uncontrolled chain reaction, nuclear fission and fusion, atomic bomb, nuclear reactor, Fermi and transuranic elements.
UNIT-V
- Nuclear radiation detector and accelerators: Characteristic curve, ionization chamber, Geiger-Müller counter, resolving time, dead time, quenching effect cloud chamber, cyclotron, synchro-cyclotron, electron-synchrotron.
- Rutherford scattering and nuclear reactions: Rutherford’s scattering formula, curve, ionization chamber, Geiger-Müller counter, resolving time, dead time, elastic and inelastic scattering, radiative capture, disintegration process, many-body reaction, conservation laws like energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, charge, mass number in nuclear reactions, value of energy in nuclear reactions, nuclear reaction cross section, artificial nuclear transmutations, transmutation by α-particles, by neutrons and by deuterons, difference between chemical and nuclear reactions.
- Particle Physics: Elementary idea about of primary and secondary cosmic rays, various quantum numbers related to elementary particles (lepton number, baryon number, hypercharge, strangeness), different conservation laws for different types of interactions.
Recommended Book
- Solid State, Nuclear and Particle Physics by Saraswat and Mandot, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
- Solid State, Nuclear and Particle Physics (Hindi) by Kalra, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
PAPER-III Electrodynamics and Relativity
UNIT-I
- Motion of charged particle: E as an accelerating and deflecting field, motion of electron in uniform and non-uniform electric field, Bethe’s law, velocity selector, Thomson’s parabola method, Bainbridge mass spectrograph, magnetic focusing.
- Faraday’s law for electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law integral and differential forms, self-inductance of a solenoid and of a straight conductor, energy stored in an inductor and in the magnetic field, displacement current, equation of continuity, modified form of Ampere’s law, Maxwell’s equation for time-dependent electromagnetic field in vacuum and in material media, boundary conditions.
UNIT-II
- Electromagnetic potentials: Magnetic vector and magnetic scalar potential, Poisson’s equation for A in terms of current density, differential and integral form of Ampere’s circuital law, solution of Poisson’s equation for line surface currents, Coulomb and Lorentz gauge transformations, Lorentz law in terms of potentials.
- Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves: Differential and integral form of Maxwell’s equation their proof and physical significance, Plane-wave solution for Maxwell’s equation, orthogonality of E, B and propagation vector, characteristic impedance, poynting vector, energy density, pointing theorem, momentum of electromagnetic waves, polarization of electromagnetic waves.
UNIT-III
- Electromagnetic waves in media: Kinetic and dynamic properties of reflection and refraction, reflection and refraction of the boundary of two media, and at a plane boundary of dielectrics, Fresnel’s relation, reflection and transmission coefficient, Brewster angle, degree of polarization, modified field equation, attenuation of the wave, reflection and transmission through a conducting surface, total internal reflection.
- Radiation from accelerated charges: Retarded potential, Linear Wiechert potential, radiation from an oscillating dipole, radial and spherical power of electromagnetic radiation, radiation pressure equation in free space and medium.
UNIT-IV
- Special theory of relativity: Galilean transformations, Galilean invariance, Newtonian relativity, Michelson-Morley experiment, postulates of special theory of relativity, Lorentz transformation equation, length contraction, time dilation, experimental verification of time dilation, relativistic addition of velocities, aberration of light, Doppler effect in light, Red and blue shift
UNIT-V
- Relativistic Dynamics: Relativity of mass, mass energy equivalence, relativistic formula for momentum and energy, time-like, space-like and light-like intervals, Minkowski space, four vectors their linear product and different type of four vector.
Recommended Book
- Electrodynamics, Electromagnetic waves and relativity by Vimal Saraswat, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
- Electrodynamics, Electromagnetic Waves and Relativity (Hindi) by Kalra, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
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