चार महीने का बच्चा कैसे बना अरब़पति? जन्म के सिर्फ चार माह बाद यदि कोई बच्चा अरबपति बन जाए तो इसे उसकी किस्मत ही कहेंगे। भारत के एकाग्रह रोहन मूर्ति नाम के बच्चे की किस्मत कुछ इसी प्रकार चमकी है। देश की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी आइटी कम्पनी इंफोसिस के फाउंडर नारायण मूर्ति ने सोमवार अपने चार महीने के पोते एकाग्रह मूर्ति को 240 करोड़ रूपए के शेयरों की हिस्सेदारी का तोहफा देकर उसे शायद देश का सबसे कम उम्र का अरबपति बना दिया है। BSE की फाइलिंग के अनुसार इंफोसिस में अब एकाग्रह रोहन की 15 लाख शेयरों की हिस्सेदारी हो गई है। इसका मतलब अब एकाग्रह रोहन इंफोसिस का 0.04% का हिस्सेदार है। शेयरों के स्थानान्तरण के बाद नारायण मूर्ति के पास कम्पनी के कुल शेयरों का 0.36% हिस्सा बचा है। जिस समय नारायण मूर्ति द्वारा अपने पोते को शेयर देने की खबर बाई उस समय इंफोसिस के शेयरों में गिरावट देखने को मिल रही थी। एकाग्रह रोहन, नारायण मूर्ति तथा सुधा मूर्ति के बेट रोहन मूर्ति और उनकी पत्नि अर्पणा कृष्णन का बेटा है। आपको यह पता होगा कि नोरायण मूर्ति ने अपनी पत्नि सुधा मूर्ति से 10 हजार रूपए उधार लेकर 1981 में इंफोसिस क
B.N. UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR B.Sc. II Year Physics
PAPER-I Optics
UNIT-I
- Fermat’s Principle and General theory of image formation: Principle of experiments path, the aplantic points of a sphere and other applications, cardinal points of a lens system and their general relationship, thick lenses, lens combinations, telephoto lenses.
- Aberration in images and optical instruments: Chromatic aberration, achromatic combination of lenses in contact and separated lenses. Monochromatic aberrations and their reduction, Ramsden and Huygen’s eye piece, their working principal, image formation and difference between them.
UNIT-II
- Interference of light: Principle of superposition, two slit interference, coherence requirement for the sources, localized fringes in thin films, transition from fringes of equal thickness to those of equal inclination, Newton’s rings, Michelson interferometer its uses for determination of wavelength, wavelength difference and refractive index. Febry-Perot interferometer and its uses, Lummer Gehrke plate and its uses.
UNIT-III
- Fresnel diffraction of light: Half period zones, circular aperture and obstacles, straight edge, explanation of rectilinear propagation, Zone plate with multi foci.
- Fraunhofer diffraction: Diffraction at a slit, a circular aperture and a circular disc, resolution of images; diffraction grating or diffraction at N parallel slits, Rayleigh criterion, Resolving power of a telescope and plane diffraction grating.
UNIT-IV
- Polarization of light: Double refraction and optical rotations : Double refraction in uniaxial crystals, explanation in terms of electro-magnetic theory, Malus Law, Phase retardation plates, rotation of plane of polarization, origin of optical rotation in liquids and in crystals. Babinet Compensator, Polarimeters and their applications in measurement of specific rotation.
UNIT-V
- Lasers: Purity of spectral line, coherence length and coherence time, spatial and temporal coherence, relation between Einstein’s A and B coefficients, spontaneous and induced emissions, conditions for laser action, existence of a metastable state, population inversion. He-Ne and Ruby laser, application of lasers.
- Holography: Working, principle and applications.
Recommended Book
- Optics by Vimal Saraswat, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
- Optics (Hindi) by Kalra, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
PAPER-II Electronic Circuits and Instrumentation
UNIT-I
- Digital Circuits:
- Difference between analog and digital circuits, binary numbers, decimal to binary and binary to decimal Conversion, AND, OR and NOT Gates (Realization using Diodes and Transistor). NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Gates. XOR and XNOR Gates.
- De Morgan's theorems, Boolean laws, simplification of logic circuit using Boolean algebra, fundamental products. min terms and maxterms, conversion of a truth table into an equivalent logic circuit by SOP and POS method and by Karnaugh map (up to 4 variables).
- Binary addition, binary subtraction using 2's complement method, half adders and full adders and subtractors, 4-bit binary adder-subtractor.
UNIT-II
- Semiconductor Devices and Amplifiers:
- Semiconductor Diodes: p and n type semiconductors, barrier formation in PN junction diode, qualitative idea of current flow, mechanism in forward and reverse biased diode, PN junction and its characteristics, static and dynamic resistance, principle and structure of LEDs, photodiode and solar cell.
- Bipolar Junction transistors: n-p-n and p-n-p transistors, characteristics of CB, CE and CC configurations. Active, cut off, and Saturation Regions. Current gains α and β. Relations between α and β. Load Line analysis of Transistors. DC Load line and Q-point. Voltage Divider Bias Circuit for CE Amplifier. h-parameter equivalent circuit, analysis of a single-stage CE amplifier using hybrid model, input and output impedance, current, voltage and power gains. Class A, B, and C Amplifiers (Only basic differences).
UNIT-III
- Operational Amplifiers (Black Box approach): Characteristics of an ideal and practical OP-Amp (IC 741), open-loop and closed-loop gain. CMRR, concept of virtual ground. Applications of OP-Amps: (1) Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifiers, (2) Adder, (3) Subtractor, (4) Differentiator, (5) Integrator, (6) Zero Crossing Detector.
- Feed Back Amplifier: Basics of negative feedback, merits and demerits of negative feedback and its application, voltage series and current series amplifier.
- Sinusoidal Oscillators: Barkhausen's Criterion for Self-sustained Oscillations. Determination of Frequency of RC Oscillator
UNIT-IV
- Basic circuit analysis: Voltage and current sources, Open and Short Circuits, Kirchoff’s laws, Voltage and current divider rules, Mesh and node analysis, Principle of superposition, Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem, Maximum Power transfer theorem.
- Instrumentations (Basic Circuits): Power Supply: Half-wave Rectifiers. Centre-tapped and Bridge Full-wave Rectifiers Calculation of Ripple Factor and Rectification Efficiency, Basic idea about capacitor filter, Zener Diode and Voltage Regulation.
UNIT-V
- Introduction to CRO: Block Diagram of CRO. Applications of CRO, study of waveform, measurement of voltage, current, frequency and phase difference.
- Modulation and demodulation: Basics of modulation, amplitude and frequency modulation, sidebands, comparison between AM and FM, power of amplitude modulation and spectrum, Block diagram and principle of AM and FM transmitter, demodulation of AM and FM waves, linear envelope detector, astable and monostable multivibrator.
Recommended Book
- Fundamental of electronics by Vimal Saraswat, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
- Fundamental Electronics (Hindi) by Bhandari and Saraswat, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
PAPER-III Thermal Physics and Statistical Mechanics
UNIT-I
- The laws of thermodynamics: The zeroth law of thermodynamics, various indicator diagrams, work done by and on the system, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy as a state function. Carnot cycle and its efficiency, Carnot theorem and the second law of thermodynamics, different versions of the second law, reversible and irreversible changes, practical cycles used in internal combustion engines. entropy, principle of increase of entropy. thermodynamic scale of temperature; its identity with the perfect gas scale, impossibility of attaining absolute zero, third law of thermodynamics.
- Thermodynamic relationships: Thermodynamic variables; extensive and intensive, Maxwell’s general relationships; applications to J-T cooling and adiabatic cooling in a general system, Vander Waals gas, and the Clausius-Clapeyron heat equation.
- Thermodynamic Potentials: Relation to the thermodynamic variables, Equilibrium of thermodynamic systems, Cooling due to adiabatic demagnetization.
UNIT-II
- Ideal Gas: Kinetic Model, Deduction of Boyle’s law, Review of the kinetic model of an ideal gas, Interpretation of temperature, Brownian motion, Estimate of the Avogadro number, equi-partition of energy, specific heat of monatomic gas, extension to diatomic and tri-atomic gases, behaviour at low temperatures, Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas. Application to atmospheric physics (derivation of barometric equation)
- Real Gas: Van der Waals model; equation of state, nature of Van der Waals forces, comparison with experimental P-V curves. The critical constants, gas and vapour. Joule-Thomson expansion of an Ideal gas and Van der Waals gas; Constancy of U+ PV, Joule coefficients, Estimates of J-T cooling, adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas.
- Liquification of gases: Joule Expansion, Joule-Thomson and adiabatic cooling, Boyle temperature and inversion temperature, principles of regenerative cooling and cascade cooling, Liquification of hydrogen and helium, meaning of efficiency.
UNIT-III
- Transport phenomena in gases: Molecular collisions mean free path and collision cross-sections, Estimates of molecular diameter and mean free path, Experimental determination of mean free path, transport of mass, momentum and energy and interrelationship, dependence on temperature and pressure.
- Maxwellian distribution of speeds in gas: Derivation of distribution of speeds and velocities, experimental verification, distinction between mean, rms and the most probable speed values, Doppler broadening of spectral lines.
UNIT-IV
- Black Body Radiation: Spectral distribution of BB radiation; pure temperature dependence, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien’s displacement law, Rayleigh-Jeans law and the ultraviolet catastrophy, pressure of radiation, Planck’s hypothesis, mean energy of an oscillator and the Planck’s law, complete fit with the experiment, interpretation of specific heats of gases at low temperature.
UNIT-V
- Statistical basis of the thermodynamics: Micro and macro state, phase space, probability and thermodynamic probability, principle of equal a priori probabilities, probability distribution and its narrowing with the increasing n, average properties, Accessible and inaccessible states, distribution of particles with a given total energy into a discrete set of energy states.
- Transition to quantum statistics: ‘h’ as a natural constant and its implications, cases of particles in a box and simple harmonic oscillator, indistinguishability of particles and its consequences. Maxwell-Botzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics, comparison of three statistics, Planck’s law and derivation of other laws from it.
Recommended Book
- Kinetic theory, thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics by Vimal Saraswat, Himanshu Publication, Delhi
- Kinetic theory, thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (Hindi) by Kalra, Kakani, Bhandari and Saraswat, Himanshu Publications, Delhi
For more detail visit university website
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